Posts Tagged ‘history’

Emeralds – The Green Gemstones

The majority of women like jewellery, Many men do too, but they tend to prefer gadgets and watches. In numerous countries women store their wealth in jewellery as exemplified by the Fifties song “Diamonds Are A Girl’s Best Friend”. Asian women in particular collect gold.

However, precious stones and precious metals are by and large perceived to be very valuable. Leaving the value of the piece aside, most people have a favourite colour.

Some like yellow gold, others prefer white. Some like the clarity and brilliance of diamonds, whereas others would rather have aquamarine, turquoise of green.

In fact, high-quality green gems are among the most precious of all gemstones including diamonds. Emeralds are the most costly green gemstones weight for weight.

Gemstones are created underground at immense pressures and they obtain their colours from the minerals involved in their composition. Gemstones are by and large quite hard, because they were fashioned under great pressure.

In olden times, many people believed that gemstones had magical properties. The magical property attributed to emerald was the restoration of vision and the curing of eye illnesses.

In fact, emeralds are a kind of beryl and derive their green colour from the element chromium or sometimes vanadium. Emeralds have a hardness of seven to eight; diamonds are the hardest at 10 on the Mohs Scale.

However, emerald has a great many inclusions (or faults), so it will shatter fairly easily. These inclusions give emeralds their typical fuzzy look.Nevertheless, the best emeralds are those that have a clear, transparent, even colour of green throughout.

Weight for weight, an emerald of high quality is more valuable than a diamond of similar quality, which amazes most people. However, good diamonds are easier to find than decent emeralds and hence the difference in price.

Become very suspicious of stones that are called ’something’ emeralds like Lithia emeralds or oriental emeralds. These are usually cheaper gemstones which are referred to as emeralds in order to boost their value. These stones are not emeralds and not worth much in comparison.

Because of the value of real emeralds, many ‘cheap emeralds’ are either not emeralds at all or are very bad specimens that are being held together by resin. It is very difficult for a greenhorn to know the difference between the decent and the bad, which makes it important to buy from a trustworthy jeweller or dealer.

Emeralds have been well-liked since the days of the pharaohs and there are emerald mines in Egypt. There are also emerald mines in Siberia, Brazil, Zambia, Pakistan, South Africa, India and Australia amongst other countries.

In spite of the fact that there appears to be numerous sources of emeralds, good quality gemstones are still hard to get hold of at a good price. However, there are no equivalents to emerald, so if you like the best, you can expect to pay handsomely for it.

As with all expensive gemstones, you should ask for a signed certificate of weight and quality if you purchase an emerald.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on a number of topics, and is now involved with Amber in Poland. If you would like to know more, please visit our website at Jewellry and Watches.

Vacation Rental Homes

Many people that go on vacation have a preference to rent a home in their destination rather than staying in a hotel. Most of these people do this because it gives them the freedom to cook their own food and eat out when they like without missing set meals that they have previously paid for.

It can be more difficult to find such a vacation rental than just booking a hotel reservation. However, most holiday makers say that the endeavor is worthwhile. There are a few points that you should check up on if you are not to be disappointed when you get there.

It is very useful if you have friends or family living in the destination locale and if you do have this advantage, you should use it, but all is far from lost if you do not. There are often agencies for these kinds of vacation rentals as many people who live in such places rent their homes out in the peak period and they do this through those agencies.

There are also quite a few web sites specializing in home rentals for holiday purposes. Some of these Internet agencies just charge on behalf of the property owner and others can arrange swaps, which is a great, low-priced way to travel the world.

The surveys that these web sites carry out are often quite comprehensive, containing such predictable information as the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, but also such details as whether there is a phone, a car, bicycles or scooters on the premises, along with distance to the shops, main road, airport, train and bus stations.

However, if you have any questions still unanswered, you are usually encouraged to ask them directly to the property owner via the agency’s web link. It is a good idea to rent a holiday home through a rental agency for safety purposes, because if a problem does arise then you have a mediator on hand. In these situations the agency would handle the whole affair, up to the point of criminal proceedings.

You may also like to ask about the age of the property, because often the day to day maintenance of the place is down to you while you are there, as are breakages, unless those things are covered by the owner’s insurance policy.

You should also find out whether you are allowed to make use of the home owner’s bedding, linen, and towels etc.. Often you just consider the house and its contents as your own, unless a cupboard or door is locked and you have not been given the key.

One last piece of advice is to get suitable directions. Places that you are not familiar will look very different in the dark than they do in the daylight, particularly if the property is off the beaten track.

Therefore, if you are expecting to arrive late or if there is a likelihood that you might be held up, ask for photographs of key points taken in the twilight. It will make certain that you get to your destination vacation home rental with no difficulties.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the rental of Welsh coastal cottages. If you are interested in a cottage or Wales in general, please go to our website at Welsh Products Online

A Short History Of Judaism

It has been estimated that about 80% of the world’s population have faith in in one religion or another (and there are lots of them), but about 70% of those are adherents to the big four. The four biggest religions are: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. Judaism is the precursor of both Islam and Christianity.

The Hebrew Bible recounts the history of the world and the story of the passage of the people from creation, through the flood to the arrival in the Promised Land, or from Mesopotamia to Canaan, led by Abraham.

The descendants of Abraham and his people were enslaved by the Egyptians and did not manage to escape until Moses led them out of imprisonment. During this journey, Moses was given the Ten Commandments from God and they went on to be the bedrock of Jewish law and custom although there is no doubt that the Jewish mode of life has evolved from this era in the Tenth Century before Christ.

The sacred writings of the Hebrew Bible or Masorah are separated into twenty-four books. However, the same writings are divided up into thirty-nine books in the Christian Bible’s Old Testament. The Torah or The Law was being composed at this time but it was amended and updated between the Tenth and Fifth Centuries before Christ.

In addition to the Hebrew scriptures, there is a rich tradition of ancient oral commentary known as the Talmud, which is a colossal compilation of the Oral Law. The Talmud is the traditional authority for Orthodox Jews.

Judaism is the most ancient monotheistic religion known to the West. Jews believed in one God whilst all of the known world believed in pantheism or many gods like the Ancient Greeks. The name of God in the Jewish language is Yahweh and they believe that Yahweh agreed a covenant with His people to take care of them for ever as long as they remained devoted exclusively to him.

In the Jewish belief, sin is the unashamed disregard of God’s will and that is punishable by God in a comparable fashion to the Buddhist belief in karma.. The purpose of following God’s Law is being welcomed into His Kingdom.

Jews worship in synagogues in congregations led by Rabbis who are considered Teachers or Masters (as in the old style of calling teachers, ‘masters’) rather than as monks or vicars. The Jewish Sabbath is not the Sunday as in Christianity, but is observed from sunset Friday until sunset Saturday night.

The most significant holidays or holy days in the Jewish calendar are: Rosh Hashanah (New Year); Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement); Hanukah (Festival of Lights) and Pesach (Passover). The Jewish nation does not celebrate Christmas because they believe that the Son of God is still yet to be born. They see Jesus as a prophet in the same manner as the Muslims do.

There are three predominant branches of modern Judaism which are: Orthodox Judaism; Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism. Some of these branches of Judaism are more prevalent in some countries than others.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on many subjects but is currently concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter

A Brief History Of Tattoos

There are almost certainly as many individuals walking around with tattoos nowadays as ever there were at any other time in history. There was almost certainly a lull in tattooing for a hundred years or so until the Nineties, but young people all more than the world have taken to them like never before since the tribal days in the West. The big difference in the Developed world is that young women are wearing tattoos too now.

The actual history of tattoos is very unclear, their history is that lengthy. The oldest tattoo that we have uncovered so far is on Oetzi The Iceman, who died around 5,300 years ago. His tattoo was a straightforward grid of horizontal and vertical lines. However, tattooing was almost certainly going on long before Oetzi’s time. But what was their objective?

One theory about Oetzi’s tattoos (all 57 of them) is that they were done on top of painful joints, so that an acupuncturist would better be able to insert needles into the correct places when his joints ached, but this is definitely not the sole reason individuals got tattoos.

Nowadays most Western tattoos are for adornment and it is likely that that has always been the case, although warriors would have used them to appear more terrifying in battle. They might also have been a badge of social status.

I met the mother of an Algerian-Berber friend of mine twenty years ago. She had lived on the top of her mountain alone for many years and I was honoured to be taken out to meet her. She was very short and petite and each inch of skin that I could see was tattooed. Her face, her hands and her feet.

When I asked my friend why she had had that done, he said that it was tradition. She had at one time been the most beautiful woman in the region and so that everyone would know that for long after she had lost her physical beauty, she was tattooed. It was an a costly and lavish mark to say that she had been the most beautiful woman in that region in her day.

Russian archaeologists found mummies in the Altai Mountains of Siberia which were 2,400 years old. These individuals had animals tattooed all over them – some real and some make-believe animals. It is considered that some of these tattoos were ornamental and that others were symbols of rank.

The Egyptians used tattoos freely and many mummies have been discovered that are completely covered in tattoos. Women were tattooed as well, but it is thought that solely women and the husband were permitted to see a woman’s markings These mummies go back 2,100 years.

Many Thai men have a substantial tattoo on their chest and on their back. These men have normally been in the army and the tattoo is supposed to stop them from being shot by staving off bullets. This is an ancient tradition in Thailand and almost certainly predates the invention of the gun.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on many topics but is currently involved with Hello Kitty from Japan. If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Kitten Cannon 3.

Prelude To The West Indian Culture

The West Indies are more commonly known as the Caribbean islands.The reqion is made up of the group of islands separating to large bodies of water: the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.It’s location made is a tropical shoreline region endowed with beautiful beaches and lush greenery.But the region is not just plain scenic.The people take pride in their great West Indian history that has molded the people to be where they stand today.

The West Indies attract all kinds of people from different countries.The region is renowned for its sun kissed shores as world famous tourist spots.Beaches in the Caribbean are always included in the list of top beaches in the world.West Indian history showcases how the beauty of the region attracted different settlers from long ago.

Various nomadic tribes were the first to settle in the West Indian nations.Then during the age of exploration, a lot of European voyagers set foot on the islands and also made their settlements there.Many of the native settlers became slaves of their conquistadores.These relationships lead to the merge of the various cultures including food, music and language.The Spanish, British, French and Dutch were some of these conquerors.

Aside from sightseeing, guests also indulge in the warm hospitality and fun-loving spirit of the West Indian people.The food in the region is a delectable fusion of the various cuisines that come from the various settlers of the West Indies.It is a fusion of the cuisines from Europe, Asia and Africa.

Two of the most popular West Indian music genres are calypso and reggae.These two have the Hispanic, tribal and African influences of West Indian ancestry.The sound of the drums and the melody are suited to the tropical climate and the beach scenes.

It is undeniable that the West Indian ancestry had great influence to the present-day people and culture of the Caribbean.A combination of these various influences gave birth to a new and interesting Caribbean culture.

Do you want to learn more on the West Indian people?Check out this site. West indian ancestry and West indian history

The Intelligent Sport of Archery

Archery requires flawless hand-eye coordination and a steady hand. In this situation, a steady hand does not come from not drinking alcohol, but by being so strong that the archer is not straining to draw the string and hold it when taking aim.

Rapid fire archery necessitates fast reflexes You could say that these qualities are desired for other objectives in general life and that may be a fact, but archery is the one sport that requires them all.

Shooting a gun accurately takes some of these skills too, but it does not need great strength and rapid fire is only a question of pulling the trigger or even holding it back. It is the case that when guns were developed, archers looked down on riflemen, because they did not require the same level of training to be good shots.

This is one of the main factors why guns took over from bows. It took 10-15 years to train a long bowman, but merely a couple of weeks to train a rifleman. It was compulsory in England and Wales for all men and boys to train with their longbows at the village butts on a Sunday where they were watched over and taught by the local sheriff’s militia.

The long bowman was a respected figure, because everybody knew the commitment and skill it took to be an accurate archer. This was not merely a fact in Great Britain, but in each country in the world (except Australia) as far as we know.

Proof of archery, but not the longbow, has been discovered everywhere from Europe to Asia and some of it goes back 12,000 years, which is a long time for a bit of timber to last, especially when a fractured bow would frequently have been a household item which could be burned on the fire as fuel.

Prior to the invention of the bow, huntsmen and warriors used the atlatl (or woomera, in Aborigine Australian), which is a long, grooved stick used to launch a one-metre long dart at almost 100 mph. There is evidence that the atlatl was being used by Homo heidelbergensis 400,000 years ago in modern day Germany.

The longbow and the flat bow were most commonly used in northern Europe where most soldiers marched into battle as only knights (nobility) had horses. However, in most other countries, where a lot of the fighting was carried out from horseback or from chariots, a shorter bow was used as it was less cumbersome and easier to move across the horse’s neck to fire left and right.

The longbow and the flat bow were around six feet in length and had a characteristic draw weight of over 60 lbs but up to 100 lbs, which would fire a three-foot arrow up to 1,000 yards.

The shorter bows were recurve bows and although lighter to draw, it took a significant amount of ability to hit a target whilst travelling at speed on the back of a horse or bouncy chariot.

There are two ways of aiming any bow: by sight and by intuition. In sight shooting, the archer aims down the arrow and lines it up with the target making an allowance for distance, wind, movement etc, but in intuitive shooting, the archer only concentrates on the target. Intuitive shooting might come after lots of sight shooting practice.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on a variety of subjects, but is now involved with the Nerf n-Strike Stampede Blaster. If you would like to know more, please visit our website at Smart Toys for Kids.

What Type Of Cars Are NASCAR Cars?

Stock car racing was really born out of the desire of owners of modified stock (meaning: ‘off the sales lot’) cars to show off their vehicles, handimanship and driving expertise. The desire to ’soup up’ these stock cars came from the wish to escape the law enforcement agencies pursuing them when they were running moonshine or said another way, bootlegging.

For the period of Prohibition, a lot of moonshine whiskey was being produced in isolated regions of the Appalachians and in particular the Allegheny Mountains, from where it was transported by private carriers in their own stock cars often to the southern states. Many of these drivers tuned up their cars in order to have more chance of escape.

When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, this bootlegging continued in order to avoid paying duty, but it gradually died out. However, the fire had already been lit and the drivers of these cars liked to race them in their free time for pride and reward, especially in the southern states and especially in North Carolina, where most of the stock car teams are still situated.

NASCAR was founded by Bill French in 1947 when he crafted the first set of standardized rules and a championship scoring system so that an overall winner of all the season’s races could be worked out.

However, the conditions in the early days were pretty crude. The cars were often second-hand and worn and the track was just earth and dust. Under these conditions the cars quickly fell apart, so NASCAR allowed competing cars to be customized or strengthened. Safety aspects for the drivers were also introduced. Nowadays, the NASCAR instruction manual clearly defines all the modifications that are allowed on contending cars.

These days it is a mistake to call NASCAR cars ’stock cars’; they are anything but stock cars. NASCAR cars are hand made. The frames are different from stock cars in that they are manufactured from tubes for strength; the tin is sheet steel and the engine blocks start as just that – a bare block. What the engineers do with it after that is a closely guarded secret.

The safety of the driver is also taken very earnestly. The driver is shielded from injury by a heavy roll cage. Strong round and square tubes make up the car’s framework, while thinner tubing is employed at the front and back ends to soak up the impact of crashes by crushing slowly. These are called clips and the front clip will also allow the engine to fall away under the car, rather than be forced straight back into the driver.

The bodies of NASCAR cars are not easy to make, often taking ten days to finish. However, NASCAR rules encompass the general body shape and they provide thirty templates to make constructing a NASCAR car a little easier.

But it does not stop there. There are different rules and templates for different sorts of races on different tracks, because the cars that race on superspeedways are not the same as those used for short tracks or endurance races.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on many topics, but is currently involved with thinking about the Poconos Raceway in Pennsylvania. If you would like to know more or check out some great offers, please go to our website at Poconos Vacations.

The Surprising History of Rugby

Today, every schoolboy knows the story of William Webb Ellis, the Rugby School pupil “who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time, first took the ball in his arms and ran with it”. The presentation trophy for the Rugby World Cup is named the Webb Ellis trophy in his honour, and his “achievement” is commemorated by a plaque at the school

There is only one problem with this story. It simply is not a fact. It was not until four years after the death of Webb Ellis in 1876 that the story first saw the light of day and its source is thought to come from a local antiquarian and previous Rugbeian Matthew Bloxam.

He was not a contemporary of Webb Ellis and says that the story was related to him by an unnamed source some 53 years after the incident is alleged to have happened.

In 1823, when the event is alleged to have happened, the rules of rugby had yet to be written and any alterations, such as the legality of carrying or running with the ball, were often agreed on an ad hoc basis a short time before the start of a game.

There were thus no formal rules for football during the period William Webb Ellis was at the school (1816-25). It was not until 1845, some 200 years after football was first played at Rugby School, that three pupils published the first written rules of the game.

For many years it had been the boys, and not the masters who had set down the rules which were frequently modified by every new generation of students.

Guy’s Hospital Football Club, formed in London in 1843, by old boys from Rugby School, has strong claims to be the oldest football club in the world. It definitely predates by 14 years the creation of Sheffield FC, believed to be the oldest club playing association football.

In 1871, after a number of problematic disputes with the Football Association, 21 clubs met in London to create an association of those clubs ‘who play the rugby-type game’.

And so the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was formed. The first International rugby game was played on 27 March 1871 between England and Scotland. The English team wore white shirts ornamented with a red rose and the Scots brown shirts with a thistle. (Scotland won the match).

The problems and conflicts regarding amateurism and professionalism had long been a thorny issue. The representatives of Yorkshire and Lancashire are accredited with bringing in rules concerning amateurism in 1879.

These rules were finally formalized by the RFU in 1886. It is broadly believed that the northern clubs were in favour of the professional game whereas these northern bodies were strong advocates of amateurism,

However, conflict arose over the controversy regarding ‘broken time’, the topic of whether players should receive reimbursement for taking time off work to play.

The northern clubs had a substantial number of working class players who had either to miss games due to working commitments, or forego their wages in order to play rugby. By 1892, this subject of broken time payments was difficult not only for northern clubs such as Bradford and Leeds but also for clubs in the south.

It became an anxiety of the RFU: these broken time repayments would become a rapid path to professionalism.

On 29 August 1895, 20 clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield and decided to resign from the RFU and create the Northern Rugby Football Union, which from 1922 became the Rugby Football League.

The argument about compensation was one which at the time was also upsetting soccer and cricket. Each game had to work out a compromise; rugby’s stance was the most radical. Amateurism was strictly enforced, and anyone accepting payment for playing rugby league was banned.

However, on 26 August 1995 the International Rugby Board declared rugby union an “open” game and thereby removed all restrictions on payments or advantages to those connected with the game.

It did this because of a committee’s decision that to do so was the only manner to end the hypocrisy of sham amateurism and to keep control of rugby union. The wheel had turned full circle.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the London 2012 Olympics mascot. Click a link if you are interested in the 2012 London Olympics Volunteers.

History Of Tennis

The very first recorded discussion of tennis was in the fourteenth Cycle of plays called ‘The Second Shepherds? Play’ from the Wakefield Yorkshire author known simply as The Wakefield Master. In scene VIII Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur?s round table is playing tennis with a band of giants.

However, this would have been the medieval form of tennis known as real tennis which had developed more than three centuries from an earlier ball game played in France around the 12th century.

This involved hitting the ball with the naked hand or later a glove and is thought to have begun with monks playing the game in monastery cloisters, judging by the construction and appearance of some of the early courts.

The game quickly proved to be a hit among European royals and in England was taken up by Henry V in the early fifteenth century. A hundred years later Henry VIII made the biggest impact as a young monarch, playing the game with enthusiasm at Hampton Court on a court he built in 1530.

The game flourished among the 17th century upper class in France, Spain, Italy, and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but suffered under English Puritanism. By the time of Napoleon, the royal families of Europe were under threat and real tennis was mostly abandoned.

In England, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis became less popular, three other racquet sports emerged: racquets, squash racquets, and lawn tennis (the modern game).

The modern sport is tied to two separate inventions.Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem, a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera, a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of rackets and the Spanish ball game pelota and played it on a croquet green in Edgbaston.

In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, in the company of two doctors from the Warneford Hospital, established the world’s first tennis club. In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield made up a similar game for the enjoyment of his guests at a garden party on his manor of Nantclwyd in Llanelidan, Wales.

He founded the game on the older real tennis. At the suggestion of Arthur Balfour, Wingfield named it “lawn tennis, and patented the game in 1874 with an eight-page rule book titled “Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis”, but he failed to be successful in enforcing his patent.

Tennis was first played in the U.S. at the home of Mary Ewing Outerbridge on Staten Island, New York in 1874. In 1881, the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis clubs, which led to the four Grand Slams, which are thought of as the most prestigious events on the tennis circuit.

They are: Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open and they evolved into and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis. Both the name and much of the French vocabulary of tennis are borrowed from real tennis:

Tennis comes from the French tenez, the command form of the verb tenir, to hold: This was a cry used by the player serving in royal tennis, meaning “I am going to serve!” (rather like the cry “Fore!” in golf). ? Racquet comes from raquette, which comes from the Arabic rakhat, denoting the palm of the hand. ? Deuce comes from ‘? deux le jeu’, meaning “to both is the game” (that is, the two players have equal scores). ? Love is widely believed to come from “l’oeuf”, the French word for “egg”, representing the shape of a zero. ? The convention of numbering scores “15″, “30″ and “40″ comes from quinze, trente and quarante, which to French ears makes a euphonious sequence, or from the quarters of a clock (15, 30, 45) with 45 simplified to 40.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is at present concerned with tickets for London Olympics. Click a link if you are interested in 2012 London Olympics Volunteers.

A Brief History Of Hinduism

Hinduism is a complex blend of polytheistic religion, a (belief in many gods, rather like the Greek and the Roman deities) and philosophy. It stemmed from Vedism, which dates back to the second millennium before Christ. It is not surprising therefore that numerous sects have developed or broken away from a faith of this age.

However, most of these sects read the one book, the Vedic writings known universally as the ‘Upanishads’, and their differences result from their individual interpretations of it. These texts describe the events of Shiva, the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe and they are based on even more ancient texts such as the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and, less famous in the West, the Puaranas.

The Bhagavad Gita, the Lord’s Song, a part of the Mahabharata, retells a dialogue between Krishna (another incarnation of the god Vishnu) and the acolyte Prince Arjuna. This dialogue sheds light on the three paths to enlightenment or union with God.

This might sound dreary, but I can promise you that reading the Bhagavad Gita could easily transform the way that you look upon life no matter which religion you believe in, if you have one.

The basics of Hinduism are that people ought to try to connect their selves (Atman) with the Godhead (Brahman) and reincarnation (samsara). Just what people come back as is determined by how they have led their lives, that is, one’s actions (karma) and one’s duty (dharma).

This continuous reincarnation into a life of suffering can only be broken when one reaches the Godhead in a state of Atman-Brahman. Their are four paths to achieve this divine state in Hinduism. These are: jnana yoga, which is based on knowledge; bhakti yoga, which is based on service to God; karma yoga, which is based on work for God (rather than oneself) and raja yoga, which is based on psychophysical exercise.

Raja yoga, or the ‘Royal Path’, is the kind of yoga that most Westerners will have heard of and seen. Raja yoga is more common in these West these days than at any other time in history.

Hinduism has three principal theistic traditions founded on anthropomorphic gods. Vishnu is a loving god incarnated as Krishna; Shiva is both protective and destructive and Brahma is the creator. Saktism is a form of worship dedicated to the female partners of Vishnu and Shiva. Hindu’s venerate all forms of life, but the most sacred animal to Hindus is the cow.

Hindu worship revolves around a person’s and a family’s dedication to a particular ‘favourite’ god or group of gods. The act of worship is carried out at a shrine, which can be at home or communally in public. There are several places of pilgrimage including the Ganges in northern India.

The three primary festivals are Dipavali – the ‘festival of lights’ – which sacred to Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity; Holi, a spring festival and Dashara, a harvest festival.

Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s great religions. It is most widespread in India, which has outlawed the ancient caste system of Hinduism. This caste system used to divide society into five main groups: brahmins were leaders, philosophers and artists; kshatriyas were princes, soldiers and administrators; vaishyas were merchants and landowners; shudras were labourers and the rest were outcasts or untouchables.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on many topics but is currently concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Celebrating Easter